SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES
Grounded in published biology.
Selected primary studies and reviews support the public-domain biology presented on this website. These sources are not evidence of clinical efficacy for GULO Therapeutics research.
[1]
Human GULO pseudogene
Nishikimi M, et al. (1994). Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man.
J Biol Chem. 269(18):13685–13688. PMID: 8175804.
[2]
Oral vitamin C pharmacokinetics
Levine M, et al. (1996). Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93(8):3704–3709. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704.
[3]
Route-dependent pharmacokinetics
Padayatty SJ, et al. (2004). Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use.
Ann Intern Med. 140(7):533–537. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00010.
[4]
Comparative evolution of biosynthesis
Drouin G, Godin JR, Pagé B. The genetics of vitamin C loss in vertebrates.
Curr Genomics. 2011;12(5):371–378. DOI: 10.2174/138920211796429736. Review.
[5]
Biochemical roles of vitamin C
Padayatty SJ, Levine M. Vitamin C: the known and the unknown and Goldilocks.
Oral Dis. 2016;22(6):463–493. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12446. Review.
[6]
GULO enzyme expression
Nishikimi M, Udenfriend S. Immunologic evidence that the gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase is not expressed in animals subject to scurvy.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1976;73(6):2066–2068. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.6.2066. Primary study.
[7]
Human and guinea-pig GULO remnants
Nishikimi M, Koshizaka T, Ozawa T, Yagi K. Occurrence in humans and guinea pigs of the gene related to their missing enzyme L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988;267(2):842–846. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90093-8. Primary study.
[8]
Vitamin C status in U.S. adults
Powers CD, Sternberg MR, Patel SB, Pfeiffer CM, Storandt RJ, Schleicher RL. Vitamin C Status of US Adults Assessed as Part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Remained Unchanged between 2003–2006 and 2017–2018.
J Appl Lab Med. 2023;8(2):272–284. DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac093. Population study.
[9]
Historical goat-production estimate
Stone I. Homo sapiens ascorbicus, a biochemically corrected robust human mutant.
Med Hypotheses. 1979;5(6):711–721. DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(79)90093-8. Historical hypothesis article; cited only for its goat estimate, not its human dosing or efficacy assertions.
[10]
Epigenetic enzyme-cofactor research
Blaschke K, et al. Vitamin C induces Tet-dependent DNA demethylation and a blastocyst-like state in ES cells.
Nature. 2013;500(7461):222–226. DOI: 10.1038/nature12362. Primary cell study.
[11]
Immune cell biology
Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and Immune Function.
Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1211. DOI: 10.3390/nu9111211. Review.
[12]
Mammalian biosynthesis and recycling
Linster CL, Van Schaftingen E. Vitamin C. Biosynthesis, recycling and degradation in mammals.
FEBS J. 2007;274(1):1–22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05607.x. Review.